Taggart analyzed over 10,000 Tesla Model S and observed energy consumption increases of up to 45% at −10 ☌, whereas short trips in particular showed higher consumptions due to the transient heating up of the battery and cabin. As their power is supplied by the vehicle’s battery, this adds to the amount of energy consumption and thus affects the BEVs range. For this reason, electric heaters are installed in BEVs to ensure passenger comfort under cold ambient conditions. Since electric powertrains have a higher efficiency than conventional ones, BEVs have less waste heat available for cabin heating than ICEVs. ![]() In the particular case of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the limited driving range per charge, coupled with the associated range anxiety, is one of the biggest barriers for customers today against adopting EVs. However, despite the increase in the supply of EVs, vehicle registration statistics show that electric vehicles have yet to be fully accepted by the customer. The rising number of electric vehicles (EVs) available on the market in recent years is evidence that manufacturers are choosing to electrify their fleets in order to comply with new legal requirements. In recent decades, emission standards for passenger cars have been introduced in the largest automotive sales markets, with the aim of reducing the carbon footprint of road transportation. 142–146), the automotive industry is set to play an important role in mastering this global task. With the road transportation sector accounting for more than 15% of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions globally (pp. The mitigation of climate change is one of society’s greatest challenges in the 21st century. Additionally, it was found that a heater with a short reaction time in the lower millisecond range and a power capability of 20 kW would be sufficient for an electrothermal recuperation system to enable the utilization of unused regenerative braking potentials directly for heating. The results show that the range can decrease by up to 31.9% due to heating and by up to 21.7% due to limited recuperation, which gives a combined maximum range decrease of approximately 50% under cold conditions. The presented analysis is based on BMW i3 and Tesla Model 3 datasets, which combined cover more than 125 trips in and around Munich at different ambient conditions. Such a system has the potential to reduce the impact of both abovementioned factors on driving range by enabling the direct usage of regeneratable energy for heating when battery charging is limited under cold conditions. ![]() Additionally, this paper provides technical requirements for the implementation of an electrothermal recuperation system. ![]() This paper analyzes the impact of both factors separately on a battery electric vehicle’s driving range. On the other hand, a limited capability to recuperate at low temperatures serves to protect the battery from accelerated aging, which ultimately leads to less energy regeneration. On the one hand, the energy demand of cabin heating needs to be supplied by the vehicle’s battery since less waste heat is available from the powertrain, which could be used to cover heating demands. Two factors are primarily responsible for this decreased range. A significant disadvantage of battery electric vehicles compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines is their sharply decreased driving range at low temperatures.
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